I’ll admit, I don’t know all that much about bicycles, but I respect them as extremely clever transportation machines, and think they definitely have a place here on our little transportation-focused computer-web-internet-nook. But even as someone outside the bicycle-geek community, I can still appreciate what appears to be a genuine, unmitigated shitshow. And the Reevo e-bike definitely seems to be such a shitshow.
The Reevo hubless e-bike was the result of an IndieGoGo campaign that raised over $6.7 million for the project, which, to give credit where due, did result in developing a product to the point where products were actually shipped.
Of course, far fewer of those products were actually built and shipped, with only about 150 getting delivered of the 2,700 that were ordered, and then the company seems to have disappeared. Their website definitely has.
Still, it did sure look cool with those mind-bending hubless wheels, and it had lots of fun tech, like fingerprint locks and automatic LED brake and turn signal lamps. The promo videos sure make it look cool, right? Look:
That’s all fun, but let’s get back to the shitshow.
I was clued into the Reevo’s shitshowmanship by some posts on the internet referring to a review of the e-bike by noted bicycle Youtuber Berm Peak. This review is one of those rare and beautiful reviews where someone who knows their subject matter well is presented with a complete fiasco of a product, something that has that magical combination of being overpriced, overhyped, under-engineered, and, as a bonus, quite dangerous.
It’s the total package, and maybe just watch it before we go any further.
Wow, right? That’s all pretty stunning. This bike absolutely seems to have been designed based on what looked the most cool as opposed to anything that may have made it a, you know, good bike instead of an overcomplicated pile of crap. And hats off to Berm Peak for making a really unflinching video that I think manages to be fair to the bike while not shying away from showing all of its considerable failings.
There are just so many incredibly lousy things about the bike: it’s heavy, has incredibly high rolling resistance, is noisy as hell, and based on the video it seems like we’re talking near car-levels of noise from this thing, but in bicycle spaces and contexts, which has to make it seem even louder.
And then there’s the astonishing part where if you are off the bike and pushing it, like happens often when you’re riding a bike, if you get it going at even the sort of slightly quick clip one may use while walking a bike across a street, the electric motor engages and the bike wants to just take off on its own, which is genuinely dangerous.
Oh and the brakes! Dear lord, what miserably inadequate brakes! This bike is heavy and capable of some real speed thanks to the electric motor, but check out the brakes it has:
I’m pretty sure the Huffy I pedaled around in 1978 had the same basic brake setup. and, thanks to that cool-looking hub, you can’t have anything really better like disc brakes, because there’s no axle to mount the disc onto!
Most of these problems stem from the fundamental decision to have those cool-looking sci-fi hubless wheels, which may seem futuristic but really are pretty inane, seeing as how bike wheel hubs are about as perfected a technology as anyone could want, and if spokes really bother you then, well, maybe cycling isn’t for you.
These things cost about $2,000 so it’s not like they were a bargain, by any means, either. The whole things is such an incredible example of how designing something just to have a certain sort of futuristic look by no means equates to something that is actually better; in fact, it often means making poorly-considered sacrifices to an aesthetic that impair the final product significantly.
Oh, that reminds me, if anyone would like to send me a medal or perhaps a Taco Bell gift card for my incredible, near superhuman restraint at not comparing this pile to a Tesla Cybertruck, you can send those to me, care of Autopian Headquarters, 15 Bottom of Mariana Trench Blvd. Pacific Ocean, 81009.
You’re welcome.
This is one of those dumb “innovations” that resurface every 20 years or so (to get another generation). Another common source is mining old patents from the early days of bicycles and repackaging them as revolutionary ideas.
Whoa, my enthusiast worlds are colliding. Been following Seth for years, since he was known as Mr. Bike Hacks.
This thing was a bad idea, poorly executed. Not shocked the company went under.
A lot of references to bikes being a solved technology here. I don’t think that is true, but certain aspects of bikes are at that level for the mass market (ie: double triangle frame design, wheels with spokes and hubs, etc). Got me thinking…..what is out there that literally IS a solved technology that any “advancement” is truly just overcomplication? I’ll go first:
Spatula. choose your material (metal or nonstick-safe) and your size. Done.
Ok, now I’m off to start a smart-spatula crowfunded startup. Bye!
Spatula City….we sell spatulas, and that’s all!
Hello, this is Sy Greenblum, president of Spatula City. I liked their spatulas so much, I bought the company.
In my mind this was accompanied by a Suffragette City parody. But, alas, no. Mandela effect.
I do love my fish spatula a great deal.
If you go down the rabbit hole, you’ll find Beno actually makes ebikes under their own name. No, wait, Benno makes bikes under their own name….not Beno. Beno isn’t Benno. This raises so many questions.
There is near zero chance they happened to choose the (virtually) same name as another brand in the sector. So this points to the classic crowd-fund vaporware scam: Hype product, mimic someone actually successful in the space, get 0% loans from rubes, disappear. But….
They actually produced a product! That required actual engineering! Not like the Guardian bikes that I get countless ads for (Which is a kids bike brand that claims to revolutionize learning to ride but really did nothing but add a dual lever to one side like my bike polo bike had 20 years ago. I digress.) that didn’t actually engineer anything. Benno…er Beno….I mean Reevo actually did stuff and came up with a thing then made (a terrible version of) the thing!
Why on earth do you pick a scam worthy name that copies another company? Did they start vaporware then have a change of heart? Forget to update the scammy name when schematics went to their producers? Actually chose a name that hit the 0.01% chance of inadvertently copying a competitors name by accident? Did they only want to be sorta scumbagish by squatting on a name then got a cease and desist?
Something tells me this is the worst type of vaporware…..one where the idiots even got wrong the basic premise of cashing out and running. All the hallmarks of vaporware, but without any of the $7m left to show for it.
I’m afraid ZIP 81009 is actually Pueblo, CO. Why yes, I did do customer service for magazine subscriptions at one point. How did you guess?
The basic function of an e-bike is to turn battery juice into propulsion. It does that and didn’t break during all the abuse. So, a partial win?
They sure do look cool as hell… but yeah, using the rubber friction brakes on a heavy e-bike is very seriously and literally a disaster waiting to happen. Someone will be going too fast in traffic, and be unable to stop and will run head-on into a Hummer EV towing a space shuttle. And the poor, poor victim, who survived but fractured every bone in the body will have Morgan and Morgan on speed dial.
Was thinking they should have added regenerative braking (converting the energy back to electricity and storing in the battery). But implementing this on the front wheel would be tricky
not just rubber friction brakes, but seemingly super small (and super inneffiecient) brake from a kid’s BMX. the V brakes on my super sweet chrome diamondback from ’91 are twice the size of those!
Yeah, disc brakes aren’t necessarily that much better than good v brakes. These are just terrible cantilever brakes built from too thin materials.
In a weird coincidence, after reading this article Facebook Marketplace showed me one of these for sale near me. $1000, still in the box.
«Oh, that reminds me, if anyone would like to send me a medal or perhaps a Taco Bell gift card for my incredible, near superhuman restraint at not comparing this pile to a Tesla Cybertruck, you can send those to me, care of Autopian Headquarters, 15 Bottom of Mariana Trench Blvd. Pacific Ocean, 81009.»
You nearly got through the whole article without mentioning it,I am proud of you Jason.
All my 90’s MTBs have a 5mm hole all the way through the centre of the wheel hub. Making this hole much, much bigger doesn’t make it “hubless”, it just makes it have a huge, heavy, expensive, worse hub.
I wanna agree with you, as you are the best kind of correct-the technically kind. However if you allow that bicycle hubs to be defined as having spokes, this could be considered hubless.
spokeless
Carbon disc wheels have a hub. It’s the bit around the outside of the bearings.
I guess at some point as the hub gets bigger it can begin to merge with the rim to make a new combined hub/rim that we could call a him or a rub if they weren’t already words.
But spokes are spokes. What do the attach to? A hub. No spokes <> no hub.
I used this argument a lot back in my motorcycle days with Billy Lane’s builds. They aren’t hubless. They just have a freaking hug hub.
If you don’t know much about bicycles, here is about all you need to know: they are a solved technology. Almost every advancement in the industry is mostly there just to get you to buy the new hotness and brings no meaningful improvement to anyone but racers and dentists. The worst are those dreamed up by designers as some new take on a human-powered two-wheel conveyance. Unless you want a recumbent or a cargo bike or something else weirdly specialized, the double diamond frame with a basic chain-driven drivetrain cannot be improved upon. (I’ll let a belt drive bike slide, but they remain inferior to a chain overall.) Anyways, everyone ride bikes. They’re the best.
Exactly. Most of the issues were worked out about 120 years ago. I’ve been building bicycles for a quarter century and those steaming piles of crap keep circling around. Those brakes are a huge red flag from 50 feet away. Duh, there’s still a hub, it’s just giant and sucks. At least they painted it brown so you know it is crap.
Quoted for truth. I’d even argue that cargo bikes are getting to the point where they’re pretty solved, even the rad power cargo bike isn’t that bad.
Had a random weird old guy show up on a RAD to road rides. We let him have his fun. Plus, made for a great leadout on sprints.
This is not entirely true. Disc brakes were a huge advancement that’s relatively recent and dropper posts were game changing technology for mountain biking.
There’s absolutely a lot of change for change’s sake in the bike industry, but there has been recent enough innovation that I’m not willing to say there will never be another significant improvement in the bike industry.
Bikes are the only things that are exactly as much fun throughout your life as they were when you were 11.
Wow, the amount of bad proprietary solutions on this bike is just mind-blowing. It’s like the designers said to themselves, let’s remove all the good things on a normal bike and replace them with worse solutions. But seriously though .. people actually paying for vaporware like this and expect it to work? Someone really need to get their heads examined..
Sbarro came up with the centreless Orbital wheel® system for the passengers cars and motorcycles in 1989, using the similar principles as those monowheel/monocycle from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This article explains the concept and challenges of the Orbital wheel® system…
Sbarro the pizza guy?
Some of his cars were vaguely pizza-esque.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodwood.com%2Fgrr%2Froad%2Fnews%2Fthe-weirdest-sbarro-concept-cars%2F&psig=AOvVaw35bAmfByPtBiWfdp1OtK5G&ust=1737639192738000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCKihhua4iYsDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
Nope, a mad Swiss high performance replica and sports cars, known for the eccentric concept cars that cannot be explained, rationalised, and such, including this 1978 Sbarro TAG Cadillac Function Car.
No, he’s a transportation artist. A lot of wild stuff, but generally not to be taken too seriously, as these people at least pretended to.
It appears to me that the pedals only engage -through- the motor. You are driving the motor which drives the wheel thus the noise at all times. Very inefficient for the rider.
Well no hub (which there in reality is) equals no freehub. Duh.
I see 8 different injection molded parts. Cost range: 10-30k. Total cost: $250k minimum. $30 each piece for the first 1000 pieces each would come to another $250k. That’s just plastic. The bearings, to get that diameter to a finish that makes sense and is strong enough, is two metal disks each at (and being conservative) $300. 1000 bikes worth is $1,200,000. We have not gotten to the frame, motor, electronics, app development, etc….
$6.5 million is EEEEAAASY to blow through.
I only did this as a thought experiment for what I might think this project would cost to see if it was feasible (to me). I don’t know who these people were, but I can imagine getting completely overwhelmed and over enthusiastic about the project while losing control of cost. This will only lead to this outcome, sadly. I feel bad for those that lost hard earned money.
I had a feeling this was the case. “Only” $6.5M really isn’t much considering the number of bespoke (no pun intended) parts and unique design elements on this bike.
I have a hunch the bearings aren’t complete bearings but instead just rollers sandwiched between the tire and oversized hub, with both acting as an outer and inner race respectively. I think this is why the clunking started. Needle or cylindrical elements, hit bump causing enough jarring/deformity to allow one of the bearing elements to shift, and subsequently “clunk, clunk, clunk” as that element passes the seam or some raised element inside.
I’m not a bike guy, so I didn’t expect to watch that entire video, but man I just couldn’t stop! What a steaming pile!
Given the extreme resistance and the noise, I have to wonder if without the phone connected and talking to the computer in the bike, if it is stuck in some mode where it is constantly regeneratively braking. Maybe regen is supposed to provide a lot of the braking action when it’s working properly? I just can’t wrap my head around it being THAT bad. But then again this IS the USA, where separating fools and money is an art form.
I could see constant regen causing the rolling resistance – since that’s how regen works, by resisting rolling and turning that kinetic energy into juice. But, if that were the case, why is it so hard to stop the bike? And more to the point, I don’t believe regen would cause noise. Motor forwards or reverse operation, if not exactly the same noise, I think it should be close. I have never noticed any electric car get noisy as it approaches a stop sign. Beyond the pleasant electro-tones they are required to play now, required specifically because they are not loud enough for pedestrian safety without them.
There is a LOT of sound insulation in a car. But *I* can hear the high pitched squeals and whines that EVs make, and it drives me nuts. None of my same age friends can hear it. But I am the rare 50-something who’s hearing still works properly (I can hear CRTs too). That noise in the video sounds like motor noise to me more than bearing noise. It really sounds like the noises electric trains make while using regen decelerating. A light bit of regen being on would not stop you very quickly, but it would certainly add plenty of drag to a device as power limited as a bicycle. Or maybe the thing was simply never lubricated properly? I find it hard to believe that ANY mechanical device with actual bearings could have that much drag by design. But who the hell knows what that piece of crap is doing behind the scenes? I’d love to see what the wheel bearing design looks like, he should take it apart.
Look at those plastic rim covers along with the frame. Both will resonate and amplify any vibration from the drivetrain, the riding surface, etc. That is without taking into account this bike almost definitely uses one of the cheapest motors on the market with the associated motor noise, which again is amplified by the frame…
I’d also like to see exactly how the wheel is driven and what the bearing design is. Judging by the overall component quality, I really wouldn’t be too shocked if there’s just a bushing of some sort between the inner and outer rim. That could account for the noise as well…
I’d be interested to see a dissection of this thing to see the innards of the wheels. What I’m picturing is something that would both make all that noise and the rolling resistance, and be relatively cheap to build.
I’m imagining, rather than the whole ring being a huge and expensive roller bearing, that there are maybe twelve ball or roller bearings (probably ball, much cheaper) mounted attached by their inner races to a wall of the inner ring. (I’m talking “ball bearing” assemblies as you normally obtain them, inner race – balls – outer race – seals as a single unit.) Then there’s an outer ring that bears the tire on the outside and has a machined, but not ground (and forget honed) inner surface that rolls with metal-on-metal contact one the outer races of the bearing assemblies. You would put a few extra bearings down by the ground contact, and if you were smart a few extras towards the front for hitting rocks during forward motion.
The noise sounds like that king of contact, and the ticking that the reviewer got after hitting the bump could be a dented spot of the outer big ring hitting each fixed ball bearing unit as it passes.
That tracks. I was picturing bearings at 12, 3, 6, and 9 o’clock with maybe the ones at 6 being doubled-up with some kind of slider material between to give some stability. That might be a level or two above the build quality we see here…
As far as the “normal” motor sound; it sounds like a noisy e-bike motor attached to a resonator, ie the plastic wheel cover. That extra tick is definitely from the rim being knocked out of round by the utter lack of deformation in the tire.
You know, at first I thought I saw a row of thru-holes running an inch inboard of the outer tire circumference, acting in an attempt to have some compliance, like a tweet. But looking again, it’s just a row of shallow dimples for aesthetics. Solid rubber tire. Like my tricycle when I was a toddler.
Nice, I think you just reverse engineered this thing. I’d put money on this being how the “hubs” work.
It’s how some conveyors and cheap linear tables work, adapted to a circle rather than a plane. Noisy conveyors in noisy calories and warehouses, and with ample horsepower to overcome friction from mains power rather than batteries
You may be right. Though I was referring to the noise heard as a pedestrian at the stop sign, not a passenger separated by sound blankets. But I do have the age-typical upper octave reduction. Thank you, electric guitars.
There is a short youtube clip where a guy rides around and the app seems to be on. The racket is the same. Some german(?) bike collector bought it as a curiosity.
About the only use for the thing! I’d like to see a tear down and see just how stupid it is inside.
Not the first hubless design and unfortunately probably not the last.
Do you know anything about other hubless applications? If you do, my question is, have any so far been worth it? I seems like the design is maximized for inefficiency. “Hey people, lets change from small, lightweight bearings and raceways in a hub to large and/or numerous bearings in enormous raceways that will take huge amounts of cash to machine to a sufficient surface form and finish.” Form and finish which apparently wasn’t produced, as evidenced by the noise.
https://www.google.com/search?q=hubless+wheels&sca_esv=7a9597db14345c5b&biw=2560&bih=1317&sxsrf=ADLYWIJkTjYr3Bjoowi0ycFoyquuoWKlLQ%3A1737563292599&ei=nByRZ7qjJJCFw8cP6u2JyAs&ved=0ahUKEwi64dHW34mLAxWQwvACHep2Ark4FBDh1QMIEA&uact=5&oq=hubless+wheels&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiDmh1Ymxlc3Mgd2hlZWxzMgsQABiABBiRAhiKBTIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHkjOKlDhCVi_JHABeACQAQCYAVygAecDqgEBN7gBA8gBAPgBAZgCB6ACugPCAgoQABiwAxjWBBhHwgINEAAYgAQYsAMYQxiKBcICBRAAGIAEmAMAiAYBkAYKkgcBN6AH7yY&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
I bought a moped back in the 80s. It had pedals and a motor. No way you could pedal the bike. This was clearly designed for investment and never be productive. First a motorcycle acceleration handle would turn acceleration off. This guy is using an obvious scam to create click bait
LOL – I had a Garelli moped for a bit in high school before I got my license. I had to pedal it home a few times after in true Italian fashion, it failed to proceed under it’s own power. And while it was no fun to pedal, it certainly wasn’t impossible (but easier than this thing – it did coast decently once up to speed), it was just heavy and low geared. And the seat was WAY too low to pedal it properly. The pedals were really only there because the law said they had to be if you wanted to ride it with no license. You certainly would never pedal the thing while the motor was willing to run by choice.
Also, like this thing, the Garelli’s drum brakes were HORRIBLE. In fact, a friend of mine coined the term “Garelli anti-locks” because even in the wet you couldn’t lock up a wheel if you tried.
It’s funny too – I recently rebuilt and resurrected my 1984-vintage Chas Roberts Road racing bicycle from high school. Which of course, has rim brakes. I weigh rather more than 2X what I weighed when I bought the thing, and the brakes are a whole lot worse than I remember them being, despite newer Campagnolo calipers and new brake pads. 21lb bike, 300 and er, a bit more, me. The original Shimano AX pads being polished unobtanium and having turned to cast iron, I had to get new calipers. The cantilever brakes on my 1994 vintage Bianchi mountain bike are MUCH more effective. Going from the Bianchi to the Roberts is like going from a pickup truck to a Ferrari! Other than the brakes (so I guess a “50s Ferrari).
“The original Shimano AX pads being polished unobtanium and having turned to cast iron, I had to get new calipers.”
Oh. THOSE. As a fan of roller cam brakes I looked into getting a pair myself just a couple of weeks ago but balked at the reviews complaining about the unobtaniumness of the pads.
Can you not modify some standard pad refills to work? Maybe some Kool Stops?
https://www.ebay.com/itm/201467238224
Maybe? But I don’t think I’d want to be carving the only means of stopping to fit. A used pair of Campagnolo Chorus side pulls was $40 shipped, with new pads included Period-correct enough for my purposes, the bike is mostly Campy anyway, and they work just as well. Easier to adjust too. And notably lighter. 🙂
I do need some new pedals too. Old Campy Record with steel cages, and since I am not wearing bike shoes with cleats, they hurt a bit with sneakers. I’ll just get something cheap and cheerful for now.
I’m not a fan of such pedals nor cages. I have found the benefits dubious and the drawbacks significant so I never got the appeal. I am a fan of period correct 80’s bikes though, particularly fully lugged steel touring and AT frames. So most of my bikes have flat bear or rat trap metal pedals and they work fine for me and my sneakers.
As a fan of period correctness (at least as appearances go) I’m exploring the idea of replacing my 40 yo friction surfaces with vintage looking modern ones. Most of my bike’s brakes are of cantilever design. Of course the shoes were not designed with this in mind so it may not go well but I have plenty of surplus pads to experiment on.
Toe clips and cleats are GREAT if you are riding *seriously* – of course the modern equivalent even back then was the twist in/out integrated pedal/cleat systems, but I was a broke HS student – I was lucky to afford a good pair of bike shoes and this bike. I assume that is what is still in use today, or some variation on it. Far more efficient than pedaling in ordinary shoes. But I am just knocking around the neighborhood these days, not racing, so overkill. But these pedals simply won’t work without toe clips (they have an up and a down), and they are too narrow to use nicely with sneakers so they need to go for now.
Here’s a picture of the old girl – looking pretty good for 40+! I hadn’t put the toe clips on yet, this was just as I finished getting her back together, and I hadn’t found them in my boxes of crap yet. I put a modern split saddle on in deference to my much less tough butt these days. The 40yo Avocet gel saddle is not exactly gelling anymore.
https://photos.app.goo.gl/eLbBS3SZUL8dPBuSA
Full-lugged, hand-braised Columbus SLX tubing, so probably right up your alley. Started with that Shimano AX group with a 14speed freehub but Campy headset and bottom bracket and crank and pedals. Suntour derailleurs. One extra fancy touch – Modolo carbon fiber shift levers that were a Christmas present from my grandparents. Super light, super cool, never worked especially well, LOL. Probably should just buy a pair of vintage Campy levers.
S/he’s beautiful!
The vintage and high end tubeset is definitely my alley but I lean towards the slacker angles, longer chain stays and all the braze-ons of loaded touring and AT bikes. I do have a modernish Giant Propel racing bike but find the older touring and AT bikes much more comfortable and practical for day to day use.
I like bar end shifters far more than downtube. IMO they’re much easier to use than reaching down but maybe that’s just me.
Yeah, I certainly would not buy a frame like this today (and as racing bikes go – this one IS actually a bit more relaxed in the frame angles than many) – but I was Racer Kev back then, LOL. It was all about the speed.
That is a GREAT idea that I didn’t even think of! I have to admit that in advancing middle age and tonnage, taking my hands off the bars to shift is a lot wobblier prospect than it was 40 years ago. Not that I need to do much shifting in dead flat SW Florida. This area is flatter than Kansas. Rides fine on our pool-table smooth roads too. It would kill me in Maine…
If you’re not committed to drop bars you could convert into a hybrid setup with a mtn bike handlebar, brakes and shifters. There are a lot of options, from period correct to restomod.
Another suggestion: A Brooks saddle. I’m sure you’ve heard the hype. I have a few. I find they work quite well.
I had a Brooks saddle back in the day. Didn’t suit me, hence the Avocet. I really like the split saddle, very comfy, and more room for the dangly bits that get a lot danglier as one gets older…
I definitely prefer drop bars, I like the variety of hand positions possible. Much more comfortable for me than the mountain bike. I really don’t like that tank much – and by modern standards my old Bianchi is a featherweight. I guess I am still a racer at heart.
I go back and forth, sometimes drop, sometimes bar. Definitely prefer bar end shifters with drop. Also safety brake levers.
Have you tried a butterfly bar?
I watched the video last night.
One word: St00pid!
This crap excuse for a bicycle reminds me of some silverware a local restaurant bought a while back: Flat spoons. What?
Where do they find engineers who have never seen or used common, proven and well-designed products?
Every engineer here (including me) has stories of products that were most certainly enshitified by not-the-engineers.
Me: “But… that makes no sense? Why would we do that?”
Them: “It’s what we want. You’re a smart guy, you’ll figure it out!”
>>flashback<<
The same place where VW found the people to design all the interior UI and controls for the ID.4. I’m convinced none of them have actually ever daily-driven an automobile.
What do you mean, you are not happy with the badly programmed non-illuminated capacitive touch bar for the heater control?
Hey, you could be on to something here… what if reevo closed down becaus vw hired all their team to work on their EVs?
I’m all for innovation, but I also have something against products being released that are so dangerous that they are just tools to show how darwin’s evolution principles work… this thing should have never shipped!
I don’t think that even compares to VWs redesign of drum brakes for the Vanagon. How long have drum brakes been around, working as well as they can? VW found that by placing the auto-adjuster on top–just below the cylinder–they could ensure that no more than 1/3 of the brake shoes were ever touching the drum. Guaranteed brake-fade and rapid shoe wear.
That’s downright dangerous.